The Causes and Effects of Islamic Resurgence in Late 20th and Early Essay

The Causes and Effects of Islamic Resurgence in Late 20th and Early 21st century in the Middle East - Essay Example The growing interest in the Islamic resurgence can be traced by several factors. Ali E.Hillal Dessouki enumerated three factors: one is the increasing economic influence of oil-producing countries which are mostly Islamic; another is the concern with the security and the stability of the Persian/Arab Gulf countries; and the new wave of Islamic resurgence in almost all countries where Muslims live (page 3). These interests have been the fruit of the Muslim's search in revitalizing Islam and the Muslim community. According to John L. Esposito et al., Muslims seek to restore Islam with the experience of Muslim decline and western domination in the late 20th century (page 37). Baath Party is a political party and movement influential among Arab communities in the Middle East, especially in Syria and Iraq. From the beginning, the Baath Party was a secular Arab nationalist party. Socialism was originally the economic system of belief of the Party. Thematically, the name baath means resurrection or renaissance. This is the apparent initial movement that aims at rebuilding and encouraging the rebirth of Arab national spirit. Most of the major proponents of early Baathist contemplation had been partially influenced by education in the West. At first, the three major proponents of Baathist thought - Arsuzi, Salah, and Aflaq developed their vision of Arab nationalism to just diminutive audiences in Syria. Eventually, Salah and Aflaq joined in support the Ali al-Gailani's government in Iraq against the British presence during the 1940s. From then on, the movement evolved into a party with an approved constitution and executive committee. However, the intention and purpose of the regional Baath Party was wholly surpassed and eclipsed by the regional commands of he Baath parties of Syria and Iraq. Baath parties in Syria and Iraq each created its own national command. These two countries were the guiding force to the rest of regional commands of the Baath Party that existed in other Arab countries like Jordan, Lebanon and Yemen. They served as a subordinate of the dominant Baath Party in Syria and Iraq. A significant rebirth of Islam occurred when the Syrian Baath merged with the Arab Socialist Party of Akram al-Hurani in 1952. They jointly formed the Arab Baath Socialist Party that successfully won at the 1954 election. It was from then on that Baath members played an important role in the politics of Syria. More importantly, the Baath party were instrumental in procuring the union with Egypt that led to the official and momentary termination of the party and let down of the Baathists. B. Secularism Secularism has been the factor of the Islamic resurgence. Since the year 1979 revolution, the Shiite clergy dominated the political life in contemporary Iran. Furthermore, religious fundamentalists in Arab communities campaign for the fusion of religious authority with temporal political power. C. Nationalism In the rebirth of Islam religion, the term nationalism is greatly regarded as Arab Nationalism. It refers to both doctrines and movements emphasizing the cultural identity and the political independence, solidarity, association, or unity of Arab people and sovereign states. The Arab nationalism developed rapidly and hit its

Unfortunate effects on rural public education in Ecuador

Unfortunate effects on rural public education in Ecuador Educator George Washington Carver once stated, Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom (State University 2002). Such key will never be held by the hand of Ecuadorians as the country of Ecuador struggles to provide a satisfactory education system to children in rural areas. The poor education system is a key contributor to Ecuadors state as a developing country. This limiting factor has created a vicious cycle of child laborers and inequality among children in rural and urban communities (Salazar and Glashinovich 1996). This paper will provide an in depth analysis of the education systems in Ecuador and the reform required to provide children with a better future. Ecuadors substandard education system is a consequence of the lack of government funding towards infrastructure and accessibility. With the lack of money towards education, problems such as inconsistent teaching, poor attendance, and inequalities between rural and urban scho 1ols arise. Attempted progress has been made by reformists such as President Rafael Correa who works with government funding to better school systems (Bellettini 2004). It is people like President Rafael Correa who are undoubtably the greatest source of hope to the education system of Ecuador. Last April, I travelled to Ecuador with Canada World Youth. The purpose of the trip was to form a partnership between the Canadian and Ecuadorian students. The trip provided me with a cross-cultural experience as I learnt the necessity of foreign for rural education. Our group of fourteen students raised $10,000 which was used to sponsor the education of 4 students in Ecuador including their high school fees. The failing education system instated in rural Ecuadorian communities is faced with numerous issues involving, inconsistent teaching, and poor attendance. These issues are presented due to the lack of government support and funding for education. The problems currently present in Ecuador make it difficult for Ecuadorians to become prosperous and contribute to society. Political instability within the countrys own borders have invited violent protests concerning the previous three democratically elected presidents (Lopez and Valdes 2000). Political issues as well as the economic crisis have proved to further the potential of restoring proper and effective education practices in rural Ecuador. Many social institutions demand governmental support, but it is the education system in Ecuador that is the most desperate. Researchers have highlighted that the education system has slowly been improving since the 1990s (Vos and Ponce 2004). Although, in comparison to previous decades, the educational development has decreased in effectiveness while educational inequalities has drastically grown between the urban and rural communities. The Ecuadorian government has set aside insufficient funds for their social programs as they solely contribute four percent of the countries Gross Domestic Product, compared to the average twelve percent that the general Latin American country invested (Ibid 2004). Not only has the Ecuadorian government neglected funds for the necessary social programs but they have also transferred their focus to social protection programs. This transfer of priorities has cut the funding for education programs by fifty percent (Cibilis, Giugale and Lopez-Calix 2003). The budget cut has affected all school systems across Ecuador, especially the ru 2ral communities. The limited support has caused a decrease in school infrastructure, teacher salary, and teacher training programs. The school systems are suffering and need more investment and greater reform strategies. The government must increase their investment to at least five percent of the countrys Gross Domestic Product in oder to be successful (Schiefelbein 1992). In 2007, President Correa was elected to office in Ecuador. He created a platform that believed in education excellence and education reform (Economist 2009). Since 2007, Correa has spent approximately $280 million on school infrastructure and maintenance (Ibid 2009). In addition the President has introduced logic tests which teachers must pass in order to educate the youth. These logic tests are designed to increase a teachers credibility and ability to instruct young students (Ibid 2009). Those who do not pass the logic tests are required to take a year long training course which will help to develop their teaching strategies and knowledge. The logic tests benefit the school systems as teachers become more prepared and have more effective teaching methods. These tests will be a mandatory measure for all teachers, and will soon increase the quality of Ecuadors public education system. The lack of government investment towards social programs, specifically education systems has greatly inf 3luenced accessibility, teaching methods, and school infrastructure. The rural communities are far more underprivileged then the urban public schools in Ecuador. In rural regions and in most parts of Latin America, teachers are likely to be under qualified and ineffective at instructing. Similarly to Ecuador, forty to fifty of Latin American teachers have no professional training or qualifications (Schiefelbein 1992). The lack of training and qualifications is a result of poor funding and investment by the government. Training programs and workshops are not available to all teachers especially those in the rural communities. In Latin America, people who graduate with higher levels of educations tend to move to the urbanized cities and obtain prosperous jobs (Schiefelbein 1995). Sadly, those who have poor levels of education, become teachers. Teachers with no training and limited knowledge dictate the quality of a school. Furthermore, the teaching population in Ecuador earn low salari es as the government does not believe that teachers merit higher salaries (Schiefelbein 1992). A typical public school instructor in rural Ecuador generally earns $350 per month (Torres 2005). Teachers make an insufficient salary because there is limited funding. Without funding and low salaries, most instructors at the public school level have two or more jobs to pay for their finances. Multiple jobs on the go, means that teachers sometimes neglect to show up to instruct. The Foundation for Sustainable Development claims that there is a high rate of absenteeism among teachers (sixteen percent)(FSD 2003). With teachers absent from classes sixteen percent of the time during the scholastic year, students are missing crucial learning opportunities. Most of the teachers absent for that time would be working at other jobs trying to gain a greater income. The quality of teaching in rural Ecuador and in the public system is very low as the teachers are under qualified and mostly disinteres ted in teaching. Although some teachers are effective, the vast majority of those effective teachers are accepted to teach at private schools. Private schools in Ecuador have the money unlike public schools to afford exemplarily teachers. Unfortunately for the public system, qualified teachers escape to the private schools wh 4ere their salaries are often five to ten times higher then the public system (Schiefelbein 1995)The typical school is unable to hire highly skilled teachers and will find it difficult to implement innovations to improve its educational quality (Schiefelbein 1992: 36). The methods of instruction are inadequate in countries like Ecuador. Unfortunately due to budget restraints, teachers do not have access to a curriculum to help improve their lesson plans. Without a common curriculum to be followed by all public schools, the learning becomes inconsistent and unequal between different schools and regions (Schiefelbein 1992). Simple skills that involve reading, writing, comprehension are difficult to achieve in rural Ecuador (Ibid 1992). Teachers do not posses the necessary credentials and materials to teach these children, as the government neglects them of the necessary resources. With limited funding invested in education, many consequences arise with improper teaching methods between schools in rural Ecuador. The greatest consequence of poor teaching is the rate of student repetition. In Latin America, only nineteen percent of nine year olds attend schools, but nearly fifty percent of the first grade students repeat as they are unable to fulfill the teachers requirements (Schiefelbein 1992). The country of Ecuador would drastically benefit if more money was invested into increasing the quality of teaching as it would decrease the rate of student repetition. Repeating a grade is not only staggering the students ability to learn and involve themselves in the work force but it also posses massive affects on the educational system financially. In rural Ecuador, repetition is two times higher then the countries average (Ibid 1992). If the ecuadorian g 5overnment were to invest more money in to developing an accessible curriculum for all teachers, repetition rates would decrease. The Ecuadorian public school system posses many problems for people in rural communities. The inconsistency in teaching methods are followed by widespread truancy as parents would rather send their child to work as opposed to enrolling them in a rural school. Limited access to schools and extra student costs for those in rural Ecuador are some of the major factors that affect enrollment rates and attendance. There are vast differences and inequities that are noticeable when comparing urban and rural education systems. Although public education is free for children ages five to fifteen years old, enrollment rates suffer drastically in rural communities. In urban developed areas, children have an average of twelve years of schooling while children from rural Ecuador only have an average of four years (Cibilis et al. 2003). Of those children who had four years of schooling, only nineteen percent of the total rural population is enrolled in school compared to eighty percent of the total urban population (Ibid 2003). Education inequities are also affecting those children who wish to attend higher education levels as only two percent of the poorest quantile attend higher education (Ibid 2003). The Ecuadorian government must learn how to disperse their funding equally among communities so that education practices and accessibility is the same for every child. One of the most common reasons for the lack of enrollment, is due to school accessibility. Although the Correo government is starting to invest more in school infrastructure and maintenance there are still minimal public schools available for children in rural areas(Economist 2009). Only 42% of children among those in the poorest quantile have access to preschool education (Cibilis et al. 2003: 271). There is noticeably more opportunity for preschool education in urban communities as they are given a higher priority over rural public education. Coincidently there are more children in rural Ecuador who need public education than urban areas. The inadequate financing and poor accessibility to public schools for those living in rural Ecuador posse major decisions on parents. They often have to decide whether or not to enroll their children due to financial limitations. Although Ecuador promises to serve the public with free education there are still extra costs that are not covered by the government. With restricted funds, families have difficulty paying for uniforms, school supplies, and transportation (Vos and Ponce 2004). The indirect costs linked to the lack of government investment are a considerable reduction in family income because the child is no longer working (Ibid 2004). Many families in rural Ecuador are faced with the difficult decision on whether to send their 6 child to school or have them work. With more government funding towards public education, parents would not have to pay extra costs for school. Therefore, parents would be more inclined to enroll their children to become educated. Although it is evident that the rural education system in Ecuador is desperate for money and seems somewhat helpless, there are reform practices taking place that are proven to be effective. Currently in Mexico, education reform is taking place that could be implemented in to Ecuadors education system. Education reform known as Telesecondary would be transferable and an effective means of reform in rural Ecuador. Telesecondary is a teaching strategy that delivers greater education through new technologies. It consists of using computers, internet and mass media (Cibilis et al. 2003). The students learning from this innovative teaching method distance themselves from the instructor. The main purpose of th 6 7is reform is to give all children the ability to learn at their own pace with a structured and reliable source of information (Cibilis et al. 2003). Another recommendation and applicable education reform strategy would be following the model of the Escuela Nueva. The Escuela Nueva project is currently being practiced in Mexico. Escuela Nueva is community based which focuses primarily on active participation, and cooperative learning (Schiefelbein 1992). The project helps children learn vital life skills by applying their knowledge learnt in class to the outside community. This model of education responds directly to the education challenges that are currently present in Ecuador. It helps to eliminate poor educational infrastructure, repetition rates, and under qualified teachers. The Escuela Nueva programs help schools to achieve a standardized curriculum, better teacher training and greater community involvement. Once part of the Northern Inca Empire, Ecuador has suffered a disruptive past. Such is exemplified as the country has faced poor governance and instability of constitutions as they have just recently imposed their twentieth constitution since 1830 ( State University 2002). However, the greatest problem to face the country is that of education. The poor education system is a key contributor to Ecuadors state as a developing country. Ecuadors substandard education system is a consequence of inconsistent teaching, poor attendance, and the nonobservance of minority groups. Progress has been attempted by reformist President Correa who has concentrated millions of dollars on bettering education in Ecuador. Undeniably, it is he w 8ho serves as the greatest source of hope to the education system of Ecuador. Although the President and his government have made much progress during his two-term reign, there are many steps to be taken to reach resolution, including the elimination of child labor. Subsequently such extensive education problems are followed by the constant battle with child labor in addition to poor economic practices. It is educational reform which will lead to the evolution of Ecuador as its citizens become literate and receive additional opportunities, such as jobs, thereby diminishing poverty (Bellettini 2004). Education may be the problem, but it is also the solution to increase Ecuadors progression to become a developed country.

Essay --

One could debate endlessly over the definition and what exactly Jihad is, I’m certain many have. The very basic definition of the word simply means â€Å"struggle,† not to gain money or power but merely to bring people to Islam. The common western idea - or misconception - is that Jihad is a holy war or justification for terrorism. Very rarely are there any two religious groups that will agree on the exact deeper meanings of Jihad. There are also some groups that may believe the same basic definition of Jihad, but interpret it or apply it drastically differently within their own religion. There are two better known or accepted definitions of which Muslims refer to as the â€Å"greater Jihad,† and the â€Å"lesser Jihad.† â€Å"Greater Jihad† is defined as the internal spiritual struggle of one’s self in submission to Allah, the struggle of moral reformation, and converting others to Islam; while the â€Å"lesser Jihad† is considered the external, physical endeavor of an Islamic obligation to take up arms against the nonbeliever infidels in defense of the faith against tyranny and persecution. In the Sunni’s historical belief of the â€Å"greater Jihad,† Mohammed is thought to have told his followers returning home from war that they had, â€Å"returned from the lesser jihad of struggle against non-Muslims to a greater jihad of struggle against lust,† per Menhab Khans’ article on Modern Gangha. This is believed to be the first time the â€Å"lesser jihad† and the "greater jihad" had been differentiated. According to John Heit, the â€Å"greater jihad† is also then further divided into three types of internal struggle: â€Å"One, Jihad of the Heart (the struggle for moral reformation and faith); two, Jihad of the Tongue (the struggle to proclaim God's word abroad; right ... ...hese young men found solace and inspiration in the works of the Iraqi Muslim Brother Muhammad Ahmad al-Rashid; who demonstrated a sensible mind toward political action, but also stated that jihad with the sword- the way of the true Muslim-was inevitable. Putting things into perspective, I imagined what it would be like if America was invaded by foreign forces, the government demolished, a new leadership established, and none of which agreed with my way of life. I would honestly be able to say that I would follow similar actions as the Sunni insurgents. I recently watched the modern cinematic remake â€Å"Red Dawn† where the (in the new version) North Koreans invade and effectively take over the United States, this assisted in my imagination. I would have taken up arms the same as the characters in the movie. My enemies would hear my hoarse battle cry, â€Å"WOLVERINES!†

Fiber from Water Hyacinth for pulp and handmade paper production

Statement of the Problem: 1. Is it possible to produce paper from extracted fiber of water? 2. What are the physical characteristics of the paper produced from the extracted fiber of water hyacinth? 3. Is there significant differences is the produced paper from the extracted fiber from water hyacinth to that of the commercially available paper as tested to their strengths?Scope and Delimitation The plant on which we will obtain and try to utilize for pulp and paper making as Water Hyacinth. In doing this, the roots, leaves, stalks were separated. Physical test such as tensile strengths was utilized to know the maximum tension to which a material can respond without breaking. The study includes also the determination of the bursting strength of paper, tearing resistance using Elmendorf Tearing Resistance Tester, and Folding endurance test using MIT Folding Tester.Research Method Used: Experimental Research is the method used.Methodology: 1. Sampling 2. Chemical Pulping 3. Washing, Ria sing,Sieving and Handpicking. 4. Disintegration and Beating 5. Bleaching/Dyeing 6. Pressing 7. DryingConclusion: Based on the result obtained on the analysis it shows that there is no significant between the paper produced from fibers of water hyacinth and then of the commercially available paper.The fiber dimensions indicate that the water hyacinth may be good material for pulp and paper making. Water Hyacinth can be utilized for making medium quality paper and paperboards.Recommendations We strongly recommended to enhance the paper used a certain percentage of other fibrous pulps, wasted paper pulps etc., used the blended water hyacinth pulp. These also help to minimize the shrinkage paper during drying. Paper made from Water Hyacinth is durable, flexible, and extremely versatile.Based on the experiment, we highly recommend the use of water hyacinth for paper production. In processed a high versatile and it was durable compared in those of the commercially available paper.

Effects of Video Games on Children Essay

Although video games can increase aggressive behavior, they can improve memory and logistical thinking, as well as teach perseverance. Over the course of the last few decades video games have been integrated into the lives of our children. Video games are very appealing to children of all ages, and even to some adults. There is a variety of video games out there, and they range from educational to very violent. Because of this diverse selection of video games, there is a wide range of positive and negative side effects that these games can have on children. Because a large percentage of our children’s time is spent playing video games, there has been a lot of research in recent years on the positive and negative effects these games have on them. â€Å"Among elementary and middle-school populations, girls play for an average of about 5. 5 hours/week and boys average 13 hours/week,† (Gentile, D. A. 2004). Teenagers also spend a time playing video games. According to Media Analysis Laboratory (1998),†Eighty percent of teens said they played at least occasionally and the average amount of time spent gaming for the sample was 5 hours per week† (para. 19). Video game play has become not only a leisurely pastime for children, but for families also. When parents are not involved in some of their game play the outcome can become a little scary. Children who play video games with their families have a more pro-social attitude compared to their counterparts who play alone. Children who are less social or somewhat anti-social tend to develop aggressive tendancies when spending long hours gaming alone especially when violent video games are involved. Video games have been shown to increase aggressive behavior in some children. Neubert, S. P. (2004) said, â€Å"Individuals high in hostility are more likely to become aggressive when exposed to violent video games. † â€Å"Games in which the only positive outcome is the violent demise of enemies reinforces anti-social behavior. Violent video games desensitize people to aggression,† (Neubert, S. P. , 2004). According to a study done by Douglas A. Gentile. References Media Analysis Laboratory (1998). Video game culture: Leisure and play preferences of B. C. teens. Retrieved from http://www. media-awareness. ca In-Text Citation 1. [Insert the paraphrased material] (Simon Fraser University, Burnaby B. C. , 1998). 2. The Media Analysis Laboratory (1998) website [Insert the paraphrased material]. 3. , â€Å"[Insert the quotation]† (para. 19).

Lucy Darby practice Essays

Lucy Darby practice Essays Lucy Darby practice Essay Lucy Darby practice Essay Willy recalls his sons teenage years as an idyllic past. What evidence is there to show that the past is not as idyllic as Willy imagines it to be? Willy Loman is a confused character who is in denial about his past, present and future. He imagines his past as an idyllic time, spent with his promising teenage sons Biff and Happy. Biff as a young boy was always Willys favourite son, made obvious to everyone around him. Biff is perceived by Willy as the golden boy, great at sport, a promising place at a top university and the ability to make girls fall to their knees with one look. However, Willy can not seem to recognise that Biff is extremely lazy academically and only cares about his own well-being. Willy: Like a young Hercules-something like that Willy is adamant that Biff has a bright future ahead of himself with a secure place at the University of Virginia. Yet once again Willy disregards the fact that Biff is failing math and will not get a place t the University unless he drastically changes his bad habits which is constantly reminded by Bernard who is mocked as a teenager by Biff and Wily but who goes on to be a successful lawyer. Gonna argue a case in front of the Supreme Court Biff is selfish as a teenager; his only focus is on girls, cars and sport even with Willys dream pushing him forward. Willy can not understand as Biff gets older why he has not achieved anything out of life, when as a teenager he had such a prosperous future. Willy can not grasp the fact that it is time to let go of the dream he so desperately clings on to for Biff. Willy: I see great things for you kids, I think your troubles are over. Willys unrealistic expectations also affect Happy as a teenager and in later life. Life has never been idyllic for the Lomans as nothing has ever been good enough and each character is constantly striving fro more in life, whether it is more money or more freedom. Happy feels he cannot live up to his older brother Biff and therefore is constantly trying to impress his father with strings of lies. Willy is incapable of recognising Happys neglect as a teenager and presumes he had a happy childhood. However, Happy makes up for his lack of self confidence by making himself available to everyone and anyone. The more risky and attention seeking, the better. He has no proper job besides an assistant to an assistant buyer although he portrays himself as a man very high up the social ladder. Happy: Why dont you bring her, excuse me, miss, do you mind. I sell champagne Happy will do and say anything to make himself look and feel better whether that mean by making up a high paid job, far better than his own and passing it as his own or sleeping with many women. This constant need for self reassure relates back to his teenage years when he had no attention paid to him at all. Biff however endured the opposite affect, whilst having attention on him constantly as a child; he strives for a life on his own where he can make his own decisions. Willy cant bring himself to blame for Happys relentless sex drive and self indulgence and so once again ignores his actions even in adult life, still fully focusing of Biff and his future. Willys perception of his past and his sons life as young boys is far from the truth as Willy is incapable of seeing anything he does not want to and he in so wrapped up in his own thoughts and dreams. This however only puts more pressure of Biff as he has and always will be in the spot light, constantly being praised or criticized by his father. As a teenager Biff always wanted to please his father. Biff: When I take off my helmet, that touchdown is for you Willy lost this strong relationship with Biff after being caught with the woman. When Biff caught his father with his mistress, Biff lost all the faith and respect he once had for Willy and lost the determination he once possessed to achieve in life and strive for his goals. Biff lost the will to impress his father and blames Willys affair and high expectations for his confusion and lack of direction in adult life. Biff: If I strike oil Ill write you a cheque. Meantime forget Im alive This is the first time Willy is able to see what he and his family have actually become. All Willys life he had clung to his hopes and dreams of Biff and his successful future only to realize that it was all too late and was in fact never going to happen. Linda is throughout the script pushed to the back of Willys mind. However she is the backbone. Without Linda Willy would have lost self-will along time before. Its only when even Linda cannot cope anymore with Willy slow mental breakdown that Willy finally realizes he has been wrong, this is when he makes his final decision of committing suicide. This is when Willy finally realises that even his past was not even as he had imagined his whole life which was the only thing that gave him the determination to keep striving for his impossible dream.

Miranda essays

Miranda essays In Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966), the defendant was arrested at his home for rape and taken to a police station, where he was identified by the complaining witness. The defendant was then interrogated and within two hours signed a written confession. At no time was the defendant informed of his right to consult with an attorney, his right to have an attorney present during the interrogation, or his right not to be compelled to incriminate himself. The defendant was questioned in unfamiliar surroundings, cut off from the outside world. The questions elicited oral statements and written statements that were used as evidence at trial. This case shared the features of incommunicado interrogation of a person in a police dominated atmosphere and resulted in self-incrimination statements without full warning of constitutional rights. The case of Miranda v. Arizona raises questions which go to the roots of our concepts of American criminal jurisprudence: the restraints society must observe consistent with the federal Constitution in prosecuting individuals for crime. We deal with the admissibility of statements obtained from an individual who is subjected to custodial police interrogation and the necessity for procedures which assure that the individual is accorded his privilege under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution not to be compelled to incriminate himself. (Miranda v. Arizona) Certain phases of this problem were already dealt with in Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 and Escobedo v. Illinois in 196i4. In Escobedo v. Illinois, law enforcement officials took the defendant into custody and interrogated him in a police station for the purpose of obtaining a confession. The police did not effectively advise him of his right to remain silent or of his right to consult with his attorney. Rather, they confronted him with an alleged accomplice who accused him of having perpetrated a murder. When the defendant denied the a...

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544)

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544) Manco Inca’s Rebellion (1535-1544): Manco Inca (1516-1544) was one of the last native lords of the Inca Empire. Installed by the Spanish as a puppet leader, Manco grew increasingly angry at his masters, who treated him with disrespect and who were plundering his empire and enslaving his people. In 1536 he escaped from the Spanish and spent the next nine years on the run, organizing a guerrilla resistance against the hated Spanish until his assassination in 1544. Ascent of Manco Inca: In 1532, the Inca Empire was picking up the pieces after a long civil war between brothers Atahualpa and Huscar. Just as Atahualpa had defeated Huscar, a far greater threat approached: 160 Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro and his men captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca and held him for ransom. Atahualpa paid, but the Spanish killed him anyway in 1533. The Spaniards installed a puppet Emperor, Tupac Huallpa, upon Atahualpas death, but he died shortly thereafter of smallpox. The Spanish selected Manco, a brother of Atahualpa and Huscar, to be the next Inca: he was only about 19 years old. A supporter of the defeated Huscar, Manco was lucky to have survived the civil war and was thrilled to be offered the position of Emperor. Abuses of Manco: Manco soon found that serving as puppet emperor did not suit him. The Spaniards who controlled him were coarse, greedy men who did not respect Manco or any other native. Although nominally in charge of his people, he had little real power and mostly performed traditional ceremonial and religious duties. In private, the Spanish tortured him to make him reveal the location of more gold and silver (the invaders had already carted off a fortune in precious metals but wanted more). His worst tormentors were Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro: Gonzalo even forcibly stole Mancos noble Inca wife. Manco tried to escape in October of 1535, but was recaptured and jailed. Escape and Rebellion: In April of 1836 Manco tried to escape again. This time he had a clever plan: he told the Spanish that he had to go officiate at a religious ceremony in the Yucay Valley and that he would bring back a golden statue he knew of: the promise of gold worked like a charm, as he had known it would. Manco escaped and summoned his generals and called for his people to take up arms. In May, Manco led a massive army of 100,000 native warriors in a siege of Cuzco. The Spanish there only survived by capturing and occupying the nearby fortress of Sachsaywaman. The situation turned into a stalemate until a force of Spanish conquistadors under Diego de Almagro returned from an expedition to Chile and dispersed Mancos forces. Biding His Time: Manco and his officers retreated to the town of Vitcos in the remote Vilcabamba Valley. There, they fought off en expedition led by Rodrigo Orgoà ±ez. Meanwhile, a civil war had broken out in Peru between the supporters of Francisco Pizarro and those of Diego de Almagro. Manco waited patiently in Vitcos while his enemies made war on one another. The civil wars would eventually claim the lives of both Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro; Manco must have been pleased to see his old foes brought down. Manco’s Second Rebellion: In 1537, Manco decided it was time to strike again. Last time, he had led a massive army in the field and had been defeated: he decided to try new tactics this time. He sent out word to local chieftains to attack and wipe out any isolated Spanish garrisons or expeditions. The strategy worked, to an extent: some Spanish individuals and small groups were killed and travel through Peru became very unsafe. The Spanish responded by sending another expedition after Manco and traveling in larger groups. The natives did not succeed, however, in securing an important military victory or driving the hated Spanish out. The Spanish were furious with Manco: Francisco Pizarro even ordered the execution of Cura Ocllo, Manco’s wife and a captive of the Spanish, in 1539. By 1541 Manco was once again in hiding in the Vilcabamba Valley. Death of Manco Inca: In 1541 the civil wars broke out again as supporters of Diego de Almagros son assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. For a few months, Almagro the Younger ruled in Peru, but he was defeated and executed. Seven of Almagros Spanish supporters, knowing they would be executed for treason if captured, showed up in Vilcabamba asking for sanctuary. Manco granted them entrance: he put them to work training his soldiers in horsemanship and the use of Spanish armor and weapons. These treacherous men murdered Manco sometime in mid-1544. They were hoping to gain a pardon for their support of Almagro, but instead they were quickly tracked down and killed by some of Mancos soldiers. Legacy of Manco’s Rebellions: Mancos first rebellion of 1536 represented the last, best chance the native Andeans had of kicking out the hated Spanish. When Manco failed to capture Cuzco and annihilate the Spanish presence in the highlands, any hope of ever returning to native Inca rule collapsed. Had he captured Cuzco, he could have tried to keep the Spanish to the coastal regions and maybe force them to negotiate. His second rebellion was well thought-out and did enjoy some success, but the guerrilla campaign did not last long enough to do any lasting damage. When he was treacherously murdered, Manco was training his troops and officers in Spanish methods of warfare: this suggests the intriguing possibility that had he survived he many have eventually used the Spanish weapons against them. With his death, however, this training was abandoned and future rogue Inca leaders such as Tà ºpac Amaru did not have Mancos vision. Manco was a good leader of his people. He initially sold out to become ruler, but swiftly saw that he had made a grave mistake. Once he escaped and rebelled, he did not look back and dedicated himself to removing the hated Spanish from his homeland. Source: Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).

Introduction to Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to Nokia - Essay Example â€Å"How an organization uses its collective ability to make sense of and respond to its surroundings. It includes individual learning as employees interact with the external environment or experiment to create new information or knowledge, the integration of new information or knowledge, the relation and collective interpretation of all available information, and action based on the interpretation. Organizational learning is more than the sum of the learning of all employees.† (Nancy Dixon, 1995) Nowadays organizations are in process of rapid changes due to drastic changes in technology. Managers are now more focusing on innovation and creativity of their products and services. For this they also need help of their employees (Metcalfe, 1995). Nokia is the world leader in mobile communications. Nokia has a strong backing of its unmatched experience, innovative ideas, solution that are more secure than others, user friendly systems. It is right now the leading mobile supplier in the world with the overall market share of 33%. It also holds the award of leading supplier of IP and mobile networks. Nokia is a broadly held company with listings on six major exchanges.

Evaluate the effect of the technological change on the business Essay

Evaluate the effect of the technological change on the business environment of ''TOYOTA IN THE EU'' - Essay Example Notably, technological environment is interlinked with other attributes of an economic environment, such as regulatory policies, GDP growth rate and demand of national as well as international market. These components have been recognised to be changing in the European economic environment. For instance, technological environment of the European Union (EU) has been noticed to favour nanotechnology and communication technology rather than other technological innovations. Consequently, this shall have a great impact on the performance of businesses which are entirely based on the technological environment, e.g. Toyota. With this concern, objectives of the paper shall be to assess various changes occurring in technological environment of the EU economy and its impact on the performance and/or organisational operations of Toyota in EU. The discussion of the paper will be thereby focussed on identifying opportunities and challenges which are likely to be witnessed by the company due to th e technological change in its business environment. Subsequently, the paper shall also intend to recommend few significant measures for the company. 2.0. Changes in Technological Environment of EU In modern day perspective, economic environment and its components possess a crucial role in influencing the growth of an economy. Few major components of economical environment of an economy are its political, economical, social and technological environment. Most economies, along with the EU have become largely depended on its technological growth which defines environmental aspect as one of the most crucial phenomenon of 21st century. Evidences reveal that technological environment of the EU is changing rapidly with a strong influence on social and economical environment at large. For instance, the member countries which are part of the European Union, such as Denmark, Germany and Poland are recognised to be largely depended on coal industry. Consequently, these economies release higher amount of greenhouse gases and generate larger amount of heat than other economies in the union. On the contrary, technological trends of the union are recognised to be focussed on NBIC technology, i.e. biotechnology, nanotechnology, information and communication technology and cognitive science. This forced the countries to set up end-of-pipe technologies, which in turn shall reduce hazardous impact of technological development on natural environment of the union (Eurostat, 2010). Another major trend of the technological environment of the European Union was the enforcement of tax on NOx in Sweden and similar taxation policies on technological practices which are harmful for environment in other countries. Remarkably, almost 7% of technology based firms of Sweden initiated to imply the available ‘abatement technologies’ in 1992 and one year later, number of firms using these technologies increased to 62%. Thus, the taxation policies also had a great influence on busin ess sector of the economy (OECD, 2010). With a growing concern of eco-friendly technology, regulatory framework of the union is also promoting eco-technology and innovations. Due to this fact, most technology based companies are tending to incorporate renewable technologies in their organisational operations. Governing bodies of the union also enforced

Sales promotion portfolio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sales promotion portfolio - Research Paper Example Currently there are around 700 restaurants of Pizza Hut in UK with more than 154 stores of Pizza Hut owned by the franchisees (PizzaHut, 2011). The sales promotion helps the organization to change the perception of the customers towards their buying decision by offering them different incentives, which they are able to get eventually. This is the reason why Pizza Hut uses different sales promotion techniques because the company understands the significance of sampling and making a product trial during the marketing campaigns. The sales promotion strategies help Pizza Hut to increase its market share because these promotions entice the customers to switch their brand loyalty towards Pizza Hut. Another advantage that Pizza Hut gets with these promotional tools is the immediate result, which other IMC tools are not able to produce for the company (Pride et al., 2006). Sales Promotion Sales promotion can be defined as the activities which are planned by the organizations in order to impr ove the quality of the products or services and build a positive attitude of the customers towards their products or services (Bose, 2004). ... Since sales promotion influence the behavior of the customers, therefore Pizza Hut can analyze this theory in order to understand and change the behavior of the customers towards the deals and offers it is offering to the customers (Bose, 2004). Tools of Sales Promotion In order to understand the dynamics of sales promotional tools, it is important for the organizations to understand that these tools are different from other marketing and promotional methods, because these tools provide precise advantages for encouraging the customers to buy the product or services (Sagar, 1998). As compared to the sales promotions tools, other promotional techniques are used to attract the customers with help of an event or a program and they are not always designed for the direct purchase. Some of the most commonly used sales promotion tools are: Discounts and Coupons Free Samples Direct Mail Rebates Demonstrations Exhibits Point of Purchase Display Money Back Offers Mystery Rewards Branded Magnets and Pen Contests Gifts (Sagar, 1998) Promotional Strategies Used by Pizza Hut UK Pizza Hut uses different promotional tools for the increase share in the market, increase frequent buying, increase volume of sales and convince the customers for buying the product. The promotional mix of Pizza Hut consists of â€Å"Personal Selling, Advertising and Sales Promotion†. Since Pizza Hut uses Pull Strategy to fulfill its global objective, therefore many promotional tools are needed to implement this strategy successfully. The ‘Healthy Eating’ campaign is used to increase the awareness level of the customers, change their attitude towards pizza, motivate them to get involved in the product, and reduce risk for the product.

Psychological Factors of Crime and Constitutional Criminal Procedure Thesis

Psychological Factors of Crime and Constitutional Criminal Procedure - Thesis Example Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud talks about the â€Å"psychoanalytic theory†. According to this theory, the human mind in its natural stage does not harbour any sort of crime or hatred towards the community or its fellow beings. However, once the human being starts interacting with the society do the traits develop of negativity and crime. While the person interacts with people around him, he starts altering his mind and behaviour according to the developments taking place within the society. This can have a huge impact on the behavioural aspects of the human beings. The theory talks about the stage from an individual starts to give birth to negative traits about humanity. This happens if the person is outward in his emotions and tends to dislike and be disinterested with his life. Once he starts to get disinterested in the role of his life according to the societal needs, there is a great chance that he may start questioning the very reason for a society to exist. Once al l these questions brew in his mind, it all gives birth to a criminal mind, which accompanied by outward nature of emotional occurrence could lead to killings and other aspects of crime. So on one hand we see that human behaviour is always positive, but on the other hand we find that there are instances and situations where the negativity within the human mind takes over the conscious framework of happiness ad goodness for fellow beings, due to the nature of the society that the man starts to develop hatred for the same. It is extremely tough for minds which are weak in their consciousness to hold them tolerant for all the negativity surrounding their habitat. At the end of the day a lot of people do give in to the unfortunates of the society, and the fact that they are not able to defeat that negativity in their minds leads to crime in the society, whereby they take weapons and other means of mass destructions to eke out this negativity somehow form their system. One of the main rea sons of crime is the fact that the person who has developed a criminal mind has not been able to throw out the frustrations and negativity which has been living in his mind out of his system. Frustrated with life and other aspects of the society, he tries to find out means to throw away this frustration. But unfortunately he is not able to. Once he realizes that it is not going anywhere for him, and the fact that society seems to be largely responsible for his growing frustration and negativity, he decides that the best way to throw away such frustration is to give the negativity back to the people of the society, And this is where the phenomenon of crime starts to develop. A person takes upto crime due to a lot of sociological factors which get embedded into psychological factors. Society has been very much responsible for the derailment of humanity and the development of crime. The factor of crime always remains a negative factor as no one individual has been attracted to commit a crime in the first place. However, social inequalities and differences which have been casted upon the people have led to the ever growing situation of crime across different societies. Let us take an example of a man who has been going through a rough patch. He has been side-lined in his profession and does not have any hope to survive in his life. On top of that, his house is under stress from the landlord who

Concert Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concert - Assignment Example But let us prove such a general line of current musical opus with some evidents, sure, along with â€Å"aura† analysis. Total duration of the opus is 8:30. First part is till 5:18. Second part is from here until the end, approximately 8:15. First part is slow, weak (â€Å"dark† Capitalism), melancholical, full of classical allusions, and repetative. I think, as it was already suggested beforehand, that this weak, slow, and repetitive movement, full of classical allusions, depicts a character of Western and American late capitalist society, as it was viewed by Shostakovich. So, first part is extremely â€Å"dark.† Its aura is â€Å"black† and fantastic one, in terms of German romantism in music.That is why this â€Å"nature† (initial one) of the opus is ruled over by another one, light and strong, like a sun of the rising Communism over the world. Second part gets a victory over the first one after a bright and powerful culmination, which begins at 5:18. Classical movement of the opus (its first part) is overwhelmed by an â€Å"epic† nature of Communism victory. As a composer, Shostakovich suggested that this victory would be very hard and full of efforts (victims?), but its â€Å"light future† is determined, in general. Therefore, fierceful movement of powerful victory of Communism depicted in terms of its ideological strength. To conclude with, â€Å"classical† nature of oldish Capitalism is ruled over a bright revolutionary musical movement of young Communism in the epic battle over the future of the world. Capitalism is weak because of its lack of ideological dominants and motivational strength. This idea was depicted by Shostakovich in his No. 8 in C minor Largo and Allegro Molto. Again, as for the â€Å"aura† analysis, first part of the performance was extremely moody, black and dark as a night. As it was stated, this â€Å"nature† was taken over by a â€Å"sunny† and â€Å"fierceful† (to its enemies) day of rising Communism.

Answer quiestuions About E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answer quiestuions About E-Commerce - Essay Example In addition, the model allows the consumer to access a variety of goods and services like news, email services, music downloads and many more. The model is classified into three. First, the virtual merchant is a retail store that provides the customer an opportunity to shop online at any time. Second, Click and Bricks represent an online alternative channel for distributing goods of a physically existing company (Manzoor, 2010). Catalog merchant represents an online form of a catalog conveyed directly through the mail. Represent a business model that provides news and entertainment to customers. They include sports sites, newspapers, and all the other sites that provide information to customers. The revenue models used include Affiliate, subscription, and advertising. In Business-to-Business E-commerce, the businessmen make significant sales to their fellow businesspersons. The type is larger than Business-to-Consumer (B2C) E-commerce when measured in monetary terms (Manzoor, 2010). The companies buy a bigger volume of goods compared to individuals. They have enormous monetary resources and the products are mainly meant for resale. Represent a situation where a firm develops an online digital market where buyers and sellers trade with indirect inputs. The intermediary charges a fee for creating a forum where the buyer and the seller meet. An e-commerce allows consumers to trade with one another directly. An intermediary facilitates the online transactions by creating a platform where the consumer can make trade exchanges. The consumer relies on the services of the intermediary to make the sale (Manzoor, 2010). The consumer has the responsibility to make the product ready for sale. The intermediary facilitate the sale of the product by providing a search engine, display, and the method that the product would be paid. The website has very attractive photos of the product that lure the customer to make a purchase. Second, it

Concert Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concert - Assignment Example But let us prove such a general line of current musical opus with some evidents, sure, along with â€Å"aura† analysis. Total duration of the opus is 8:30. First part is till 5:18. Second part is from here until the end, approximately 8:15. First part is slow, weak (â€Å"dark† Capitalism), melancholical, full of classical allusions, and repetative. I think, as it was already suggested beforehand, that this weak, slow, and repetitive movement, full of classical allusions, depicts a character of Western and American late capitalist society, as it was viewed by Shostakovich. So, first part is extremely â€Å"dark.† Its aura is â€Å"black† and fantastic one, in terms of German romantism in music.That is why this â€Å"nature† (initial one) of the opus is ruled over by another one, light and strong, like a sun of the rising Communism over the world. Second part gets a victory over the first one after a bright and powerful culmination, which begins at 5:18. Classical movement of the opus (its first part) is overwhelmed by an â€Å"epic† nature of Communism victory. As a composer, Shostakovich suggested that this victory would be very hard and full of efforts (victims?), but its â€Å"light future† is determined, in general. Therefore, fierceful movement of powerful victory of Communism depicted in terms of its ideological strength. To conclude with, â€Å"classical† nature of oldish Capitalism is ruled over a bright revolutionary musical movement of young Communism in the epic battle over the future of the world. Capitalism is weak because of its lack of ideological dominants and motivational strength. This idea was depicted by Shostakovich in his No. 8 in C minor Largo and Allegro Molto. Again, as for the â€Å"aura† analysis, first part of the performance was extremely moody, black and dark as a night. As it was stated, this â€Å"nature† was taken over by a â€Å"sunny† and â€Å"fierceful† (to its enemies) day of rising Communism.

Friedman Paragraph Graded Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Friedman Paragraph Graded - Assignment Example Diverting the attention of the public from politics to economy development requires education skills. The political aspirants should focus on the tactics they can apply to help the United States chant her way out of economic crisis. It is true that the current generation is lacking ample knowledge in solving the economic crisis. The causes and solutions of the economic crisis are well stipulated in educational concepts. If the concepts are gained by majority, the problem would be easily averted (4:03 – 9:10). For instance, the technological advancement and understanding of the current technology has enabled people to connect and share development ideas through the social media such as face book. This implies that if everyone understands the real problems affecting the economy, people can share ideas that can solve the crisis. Referring to the Friedman’s idea, offering jobs alone is not enough to deliver the expected results as the performance will be low (4:03 – 9:10). The strategy in uplifting the job sector should focus on hiring employees who can invent and reinvent the strategies aimed at improving performance in the changing economic times (4:03 – 9:10). It is true that education is one of the prominent pillars of the economy (15:55 – 18:05). The efficiency of the other pillars is a product of educational knowledge and skills provided through

XY Department Of Software Projects

XY Department Of Software Projects The initial budget of XY Department has 2.3 million pounds requested for implementation of new computer systems of XY department of the federal government, but they decided for work around and spent only 1.5 million pounds due to the shortage of funds. A project was scoped and planned within the budget, by setting goals for implementation of software and hardware across 87 sites and the projected date if completion is 30th June 2010. The steering committee of the project was established with all members of XY department CEO as the sponsors and managers belong to the individual departments as the original business case had some risks that were also included as the part of the project plan. A company called Good Programmes grabs the opportunity to implement software and hardware systems for XY Department, as it was its biggest client in the region. Good Programmers Company initially implemented new versions of the softwares after consulting with different individual project managers wh o accommodate requested features. Though Good Programmes developing the new versions of the software and hardware systems, all the XY department and the steering committee identified some problems with the software and decided to acquire system testers for future versions. Because of the over head of the departments the system testers were not available to identify the problems in software systems. The new CEO has been appointed after the existing CEO and Finance manager had been removed, who are involved when the original project was scoped and commenced. CEO is been advised for 185,000 pounds more needed for completion of this project and which is not in his current budget and he is not sure what aspects have been implemented, and how much spent for which parts from the original scope of the project as he cant see any reports or documentation available, scope changes schedule or the budget. ASSESSMENT REPORT ON CURRENT PROJECT: The initial budget 2.3 million pounds requested for implementation of new computer systems of XY department of the federal government, but they decided for work around and spent only 1.5 million pounds due to the shortage of funds. A project was scoped and planned within the budget, by setting goals for implementation of software and hardware across 87 sites and the projected date if completion is 30th June 2010. The steering committee of the project was established with all members of XY department CEO as the sponsors and managers belong to the individual departments as the original business case had some risks that were also included as the part of the project plan. A company called Good Programmes grabs the opportunity to implement software and hardware systems for XY Department, as it was its biggest client in the region. Good Programmers Company initially implemented new versions of the softwares after consulting with different individual project managers who accommodate request ed features. Though Good Programmes developing the new versions of the software and hardware systems, all the XY department and the steering committee identified some problems with the software and decided to acquire system testers for future versions. Because of the over head of the departments the system testers were not available to identify the problems in software systems. The new CEO has been appointed after the existing CEO and Finance manager had been removed, who are involved when the original project was scoped and commenced. CEO is been advised for 185,000 pounds more needed for completion of this project and which is not in his current budget and he is not sure what aspects have been implemented, and how much spent for which parts from the original scope of the project as he cant see any reports or documentation available, scope changes schedule or the budget. Thus, the original project scope and plan with specific milestones for implementation of latest software and hardware systems has not been achieved in the given time lines and the agreed budget due to the lack of anticipation of department represented managers and deficiency of project management skills. COMPARE ASSESSMENT WITH SOUND PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLANNING PRACTICES OVER CHANGE CONTROL PLANNING: From the given scenario of the XY Department of the federal government has not been followed standard practices of change request management process, due to that this case will go into the never ending loop. Therefore, the following project managing practices shall give more confident on change control and planning. A formal request of a change is called a Change Request, which should be documented. Objective of the Change Request: Study the adverse Impact of change minimize it Create maintain a Change Management process Prevent Unauthorized changes Prepare Change ( Back out) Plans Post Implementation Reviews of Changes Maintain a record of all changes Change types have been classified as below: Standard changes Emergency changes Request for Change (RFCs) Change Classification Prioritization Change Models Forward Schedule of Changes Projected Service Availability Back Out Plan Change Advisory Board (CAB) CAB/Emergency Committee Standard Changes: These are the common changes that follow an accomplished procedure and do not disturb current running services. For example: Updating the Anti-Virus software is a standard Change. Emergency Changes: These are critical to an organization and have to be implemented on emergency bases. These are prone to failure. Request for Change (RFCs): These are the type of incidents, upgrades to the infrastructure or changes in the business requirements generate the need for a Request For Change (RFC). Change Classification Prioritization: here we can classify and plan the changes in order of their impact and urgency. Change Models: These are The predefined for resolving the known type and complexity. Automated as far as possible. Maintain scalability to create new models. Forward Schedule of Changes (FSC): Contains details of all approved changes and their implementation dates for an agreed period. Detailed short term schedules and less detailed for longer term planning. Projected Service Availability (PSA): To determine the best time for a change implementation Both the FSC and PSA are agreed with the customers Back Out Plan: It is executed when if the Change cannot happen as per plan Usually but not necessarily the typical back out plan is to bring the systems back to original state it was in before the change started Change Advisory Board (CAB): CAB approves the Changes after assessing and prioritizing the RFCs. CAB members should have sound technical knowledge and good business perspective. CAB/Emergency Committee: This team targets to review only urgent changes Few members required (typically Senior Managers from concerned dept in the given Case) Availability after shift hours Change Management Process Flow: Back out plan Activities: Record Request For Change Review Request For Change Assess Evaluate Change 7 Rs of Change Authorize Change Issue Change Plan (to R D Team) Support/Coordinate Change Implementation Post Change Review 7 Rs of Change Who RAISED it What is REASON for change What is the RETURN expected from change What could be the RISKS involved in change Which RESOURCES are needed to implement change Who (which RD Team) is RESPONSIBLE for build, test implement change Is there (or what) any RELATIONSHIP between this change other changes Change Manager Chairperson of the CAB Filtering and accepting RFCs Primary Responsibility of planning and coordinating implementation of changes Obtaining authorization for change Reviewing Implemented Changes Convening emergency CAB meetings Generating Change Management reports May have Change coordinators to support CAB Member Belongs to the CAB and participates in all CAB meetings Helps in reviewing all RFCs to estimate impact Participates in Scheduling Changes If the good programmers followed the above change control planning methodologies they could have resolved all the issues in the project and deploy hardware and software components successfully in the given time frame. [4] STEPS RECOMMENDED FOR THE PRESENT PROJECT TO A CLOSE: From the given case, due to the poor project management techniques the project comes into a loop, which never ends. The following recommend steps bring the project to close. Specify Scope and objectives of the project Specify the deliverables Define Project planning Internal/ External team communication Bug/Issue/Service request tracking and progress reports Change management Risk management Initially, the Good Programmes should know the objectives of this project. They should define requirements of the XY Department. Determining the real objectives will help them to plan the project. Also the scope of the project should be defined the amount of work which needs performing, and the total number of resources required to deploy the hardware software installations across 87 sites. And understand who the stake holders are, and what they expect to deliver also who the testers and enlist their support. After defining the scope and objectives must have a review with stakeholders and agree with them through Project Steering Committees, and including Project Manager, Department chief, and Department managers, testers in the committees. The main drawback of the given project scenario is they have not employed a Project Manager, which is Essential for best project management practices. Good Programmes needs to define what the project is been delivered. As this project scope is to change the outdated computer systems and implementing the latest hardware and equally software around 87 sites, they must determine what real things will be delivered and document with enough detail to enable someone else to provide them efficiently. Also, all these definitions of the deliverables must review and accept by the project steering committee. Good Programmes must define what different ways were require for producing all deliver techniques known as all sites information and Breakdown Structures of each site. They need to find the approximate time and puts the effort that is required in every activity like implementation of Hardware Software on each site also involve the complete project team in estimating how long all activities will take. Set milestones which indicate deadline dates during the project. Also include this into the project plan, and key stakeholders should review the project plan and agree. All the other departments of project planning are unprofitable unless there is no communication between internal or external teams. All the team members must know their role responsibility on the project and every team member should know the scope, objective and milestones of the project. Also it is ideal that every member should know all kind of problems hitting the project. Project Manager should share all kind of information of the project with each and every member of the project. After the project is kick-off, on each and every stage project manager should compare the actual progress with the estimated progress in terms of work and budget. If any large variations in the scope and actual, manager and other key stake holders of the XY Department should take corrective actions on each level. Change is common in any project environment. However it should be handled in smooth way to implement those changes. When scope OR Deliverables of the project needs changing, the project manager should identify the changes which only possible in the given time deadlines and Budget. Else if manager accepting all the changes, project will never end in the given time frame or budget. Good Programmes manager needs to consult with various managers of the departments to accommodate only possible requested new features instead of all. Also manager should be in a position to incorporate the emergency changes in immediately and new features in future releases as the budget defined only for work around and not as estimated. Not managing changes effectively is often a reason why projects fail, so Manager is the key here to manage Change Requests. The outcome of the project is massively effect with these risks. For example if any of the resource is lack of the implementation of the Hardware or software then possibly we miss the deadlines. And there should be plan defined to overcome the risks, and identify as soon as possible. When we have more risks in the project, numbering or assigning the priorities of the risks will help. For Example, If an employee successfully implement the new Hard ware and software in one site, but the problem with one specific component of the Hardware which is know should marked as Low risk category, same way we can define medium and critical risks, Hence everyone would know the total risks in the project with their criticality, including the team members and key stake holders. In order to bring the project to a close the above 7 project management techniques the project will be closed in the given time frame and budget. IMPROVEMENT STEPS RECOMMENDED FOR FUTURE PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: The following improvements need to be implementing to the XY Departments to get the fruitful results in future projects. The entire project needs to be categorized for different phases like: Planning Phase Execution Phase Close packed phase There are many phases in which every phase has there own review process and also the end. The important milestone event is been marked in the starting or at the end of every event with some of the series of its events where the main thing is to complete the major stage. For a successful project we need to meet some criterias. They are: Impermanent: The project has a beginning and the end where the project has a purpose. Uniquely: Though projects are similar but the planning might have their own elements which are same or else different. The computer system needs to implement the hardware for the project management the best technique we need to apply for activity to meet the definition of the project. The actual market plan. The budget needs to be corporate. The human resources needs developing and upgrade of policies and manually. The customer related management system is used to design and install. There will be over hauling of response of bid system. The annual audit needs to be prepared. The consultant needs to be engaged and been hired. SCOPE: The project is to be defined, the audience need to be targeted, the customer and the recipient also needs to be defined. STAKEHOLDERS: The project is been affected by the individuals and also the organisations GOALS: Goals need to be return clearly and in detail where the stack holders need to sign off before the execution is commenced to avoiding the confusion further. PLANNING: Doing a project without a plan is impossible because for controlling a project we need a plan which should be executed by the people who needs to involve through out the project. The documentation needs to be proper and accurate as it is the important task for the project management. Stack holders need to be signed off in the project plan in the meeting. The stack holders need to sign the change order form in which the range is being recorded to the project. The statement need to be developed for the large projects where the objectives are being established. The customer satisfaction of the project is the primary objective which should be written and is being placed in the project. The main objective is to contain the actual deadlines is being specified within some months. ESTIMATING TIME AND COST: To reduce the risk the time is to be reduced based on the available person who works on the project and arranges the meeting and other required things. Account chart is used for tracking the labour costs which results reducing the time to record the delay of accuracy. The Gantt chart is more useful for seeing the responsible tasks. SCHEDULING: It considers both the task duration and the work must be done in sequence. The work is broken down into levels which need to develop and estimated sufficiently to be intended accurately. The plain should not be more details where you can manage. As we know Bar chart is equal to Giant chart where bar charts doesnt show inter relations in the work, that dont allow the easy way of analysis of impact of the project in which the activity slips of the software will show the holidays and the vacations of the work extended in order to time access on their impact. ORGANISATION: The organisation needs to have their own structure during their plan and the project needs to have perfect staff. The project has a structure which is hierarchical disadvantages while running the multi discipline projects. Project management has matrix which is synonymous this deal with many kinds of disciplines. The success of this matrix needs to require a very good skills which are inter personal on all parts of the managers. PROJECT MANAGER: A leader not only looks like a manager but he needs the skills of the people which are important. The skills of them are negotiable the flexibility are very important attributes. Any project doesnt work according to the plan where the project manager needs some adjustments in it. The problems need to be resolved territory. To avoid this conflict the technical problems will only make them to build and get faster. Here the communications is very critical for the project manager who often bridges a gap in between the technical stack holders and stack holders who are non technical. Project manager needs to be friendly with everybody and he should not be friend for anyone if he needs to lead the project in correct path. The decision is very important for deciding the time, cost and budget. NON FINANCIAL INFORMATION: This includes man different things namely he defining of the task, sequence of the task, task scheduling, task planning resource for all the people who are well equipped, planning of the organisation, identification of the risk, planning of the quality, task staffing, task reporting, solving of task problems and finally the task change control. FINANCIAL INFORMATION: projects generally have a financial factor where the limitation of cost estimates the budgets and shows how to have control over the cost. Project manager needs to interact with the organisation and also with outside agencies regarding the resources after that they will be the stack holders for the project. In this situation the manager has independence to manage and reports when they use which would be in their control throughout the project. [5] [6] STEPS RECOMMENDED IN SELECTING A PROJECT MANAGER IN FUTURE: There are 10 steps for a project manager to follow for the future development of the project. INSPIRES A SHARED VISION: A project leader will be effective when he has a vision of what he doing and the ability to over come the problems. The change is been able to draw the boundaries. A leader needs to have lifts up that gives the reason for the vision and also the spirit to change. The leaders visionary enables the people feel very real stake in their project. The people empower the experience vision that explores the vision which means that their jobs are part of future vision in the organisation. GOOD COMMUNICATOR: The people who have the ability for communicating in all levels namely the second most important skill are for the project managers and also the team members. The leader needs to have the clear communication regarding the goals, performances, responsibilities and have more expectations with feed backs. There is a great value deal which places openness directly. The project leader is linked with the large organisation. The leader needs to have the ability of effective use of persuasion when it is necessary for ensuring the team success of the project. The effective communication of the project leader will support the team individual by achieving and also creating the guidelines that results for achieving the career with advancements of the team members. INTEGRITY: The project leader needs to remember some important things for setting the team. The leadership will be good but the demands need to be committed and the demo of the ethical practises needs to be there. The ethical behaviour of these type pf standards is well rewarded by the project leaders based on their responsibility and practice. The leadership needs to be motivated by serving the self interest of the team. The integrity of the leadership represents a set of values which has less values to share, and the behaviour need to be consistent with all the values that is dedicated honestly with team members. The leader need to be like a walks to the talk which brings the trust in process earns. ENTHUSIASM: All the leaders should have a plain and simple character but should not have a negative thought which brings the public down. We need the leaders to be enthusiastic and needs a attitude that makes us to step into a invigorate journey by that we needs to feel very lively. We usually follow the people who have a attitude of doing but not like the giving 200 useless reasons that doesnt work. The leaders need to be enthusiastic for their commitment towards the goals that they optimise. Leader ship is something which emerges and also expresses the confidence of their commitment towards the project and also for others who wants to share their optimistic area of expectations. This enthusiasm is very much contagious and also needs to have a effective leaders who know this very well. EMPATHY: Empathy is a word which is similar to the word sympathy. These two looks like similar but sympathy is a word according to the subject principle that absorbs other feelings and is protected into that object which has less concern towards the reality and also the validity of that special object. Empathy is another word that exists when a object is separated by the individual that entitles others feelings and also emotions. COMPETENCE: The project leader needs to have a technical ability in the core area of technology business. Project management has a continues recognition in the field itself which will be chosen based on the ability of the successful lead rather on technical as per the past. It is having the track record to win the way which is known as competent. The skills needed for the leadership is to have the ability for challenge, inspiring capability, model to encourage leaders for seeing a capable leader. ABILITY TO DELEGATE TASKS: the relationship between the project leader and the team needs to be essential. By using the actions we can demonstrate the trust for checking and having control on the work to delegate and allow people to participate. All the individuals who cannot able to trust the other people often fail like leaders and remain like small managers who will end up their work by themselves. According to project management always a good leader will be little bit lazy and being interested in some perspectives. COOL UNDER PRESSURE: In this world all the projects are delivered according to time, budget overcoming all the major obstacles or problems. Now one is living in the perfect world which doesnt have problems. A leader needs to have a hard attitude that needs to handle all these problems. When they face a event which is stressful and considered to be interesting will feel to influence and the outcomes looks like an opportunity. Out of all these uncertainty the change in chaos will rise up the leaders to articulate the image of future that pulls the project to close. TEAM-BUILDING SKILLS: It is defined as the person who is strong provides the team to hold together for the general purpose that is a right work. For the progress of the team the group needs strangers who have single unit of cohesiveness for the leader who understands the process that is required for transformation. Every one needs to know exactly the style of leadership during every stage throughout the developing team. Here the leader needs to understand about the team workers styles and should know how to maintain and be a capital throughout the time and handles the problem. PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS: The leadership should be effective and needs to know how to share the problem and handle the responsibilities in the team that usually expect from the project leaders who have skill of excellent way to solving the problem by themselves. They have fresh and creative type of response that is heard now as opportunities which are not much concerned by others performances. [1][2][3] ADVICE GIVEN TO C.E.O: Every CEO need to follow some steps for the successful project. There needs to be a continuous gradual improvement in the project. The CEO will be happy rarely because among them there needs to be a better performance. There needs to be a obsession for lifelong learning that is read constantly by attending few seminars in groups and join that which inspires and also educate. The strategically ability is to think and perform the plans effectively which focus on both long and short term strategy that is executed and also keeps the company moving in better direction. The ability and desire is to be true towards the servant leader. This helps the team members to work for better tools, to improve the technology, the work need to be efficient with good clearer goals. In return the employees have the resource to view the employee success. CONCLUSION: Based on the current case study the project management is not completely successful due to the fewer funds from the government and the Good Programmers need to show their ability to serve 87 sites for all the systems with all the techniques that gives better performance for the XY Department.

Essay on Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 -- Sonnet essays

Interpretation of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 Sonnet 73 is a meditation on mortality, and yet it can be interpreted in a number of ways. The first such interpretation is that the author of the poem is speaking to someone else about his own death that will inevitably come in the future. This interpretation has the poem focused on the author, and his focus and concern over himself. This makes him seem very selfish, because we are all going to die sooner or later, and it does not do any good to dwell on or complain about it. The only use that this interpretation really has is to evoke pity in the author, or the speaker of the Sonnet. That is why it was this interpretation of Sonnet 73 that was used in a 1996 production of Shakespeare's The Tempest by the Indiana Repertory Theatre. The director substituted five or six Sonnets for the pageantry scene where Prospero summons island spirits to perform for Ferdinand and Miranda, the last Sonnet in this substitution being #73. Prospero has a plot against his life, and this Sonnet helps to remind him of this, and also to remind his daughter Miranda that soon her father will be gone. Prospero uses the last couplet of the Sonnet directed to Miranda as "This thou perceivest, which makes thy love more strong." This line could also be the author speaking in the third person, and he is referring to himself as "thou." It is also interpreted as another two people conversing in these last lines by The Francis Bacon Society, they believe that Bacon was the one who wrote this Sonnet. "Here Bacon is meditating on getting old and like a sunset fading away and death like night sealing everything up. That the fire of his youth is like ashes on a fire expiring as on a death be... ...g?" Or why doesn't the action of leaving have as its subject the "I," the poet, who in death would leave behind his auditor?. . . If we read the last line with a stress on "thou," according to the meter, then the grammar and the meaning become consistent, and the reading of the Sonnet insists upon the shift in focus from the speaker's life (and imminent death), to the addressee's imminent loss of youth." These are a couple of different ways that Sonnet 73 can be interpreted. It just goes to show that there are never any definite answers about things that belong to the category of art, and especially everything concerning the work of William Shakespeare. There will always be ideas and theories that will contradict each other, and that is really the only thing that can be excepted as a constant when dealing in projects such as this one.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens Essay -- Essays Papers

Samuel Langhorne Clemens Samuel Langhorne Clemens or commonly known as Mark Twain was an American writer and humorist. Twain’s writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of bad faith and oppression. Clemens was born in Florida and then later on moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a Mississippi river port, when he was four years old. There he received a public school education. After his father died in 1847, Clemens was assisted to two Hannibal printers, and in 1851 he began contributing sketches to his brother Orion’s Hannibal Journal. Before long he was a master printer in Keokuk, Iowa; New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and other cities. Later, Clemens was a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River until the American Civil War brought an end to travel on the river. In 1861 Clemens served briefly as a volunteer soldier in an irregular company of Confederate cavalry. Later that year he accompanied his brother to the newly created Nevada Territory, where he tried silver and gold mining. In 1862 he became a reporter on the Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, Nevada, and in 1863 he began signing his articles with the assumed name â€Å"Mark Twain,† a Mississippi River phrase meaning â€Å"two fathoms† deep-safe water for a steamboat. After moving to San Francisco in 1864, Twain met the American writers Artemus Ward and Bret Harte, who encouraged him in his work. In 1865 Twain modified a tale he had heard in the California gold fields; within months the author and the story , â€Å"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,† had become national sensations. In 1867 Twain gave a piece of his mind in New York City, and in the same year he visited Europe and the Holy Land. He wrote of these travels in The Innocents Abroad (1869), a book burlesquing those aspects of Old World culture that impress American tourists. In 1870 he married Olivia Langdon. After living briefly in Buffalo, New York, they moved to Hartford, Connecticut. Much of Twain’s best work was written in the 1870s and 1880s in Hartford or during the summers at Quarry Farm, near Elmira, New York. Roughing It (1872) recounts his early adventures as a miner and journalist; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) celebrates boyhood in a town on the Mississippi River; A Tramp Abroad (1880) describes a walking trip through the Black Forest of Germany ... ... not disappear after Emancipation, but instead were reenacted or reaffirmed, with even more rigorous definitions of whiteness, during the nineties when anti-black repression took multiple forms, legal and extralegal" (87-88). Twain's novel hints at both the racism of slavery as well as the racism of the world contemporary to his writing. In Latin America and the British West Indies, specific names were given to specific levels of miscegenation. Mulatto, or 1/2 white; sambo, or 1/4 white; quadroon, 3/4 white; mestizo, 7/8 white. Twain plays with these ridiculous levels of "whiteness" by making Roxy 1/16 black or 15/16ths white. Daring to be different Twain did not stop at mocking the racism of the world surrounding him but also attacked the false pride and self-importance that he saw in humanity. Never bowing before anyone Twain stepped up to the plate and wrote Bibliography: Clemens, Susy. â€Å"Papa, An Intimate Biography of Mark Twain.† 1985. Eaton, Jeanette. â€Å"America’s Own Mark Twain.† 1958. Hargrove, Jim. â€Å"Mark Twain, The Story of Samuel Clemens.†1959. Twain, Mark, ed. Charles Neider. â€Å"The Autobiography of Mark Twain.† First copyright 1917, this edition 1959.

Things Fall Apart: Egwugwu Mask

The Egwugwu were a significant part of not only Umuofia, but the Ibo culture as a whole. They represented the spiritual ancestors of Umuofia. They were similar to the â€Å"justice system† of today. The Egwugwu were seen as wise and ultimately the most respectable members of the clan.They would review a case of the people and agree on a ruling they felt was â€Å"just†. For example, Achebe writes about the Egwugwu judging the case of Uzowulu and his constantly abused wife from page 88 to 94. Even though there were some people who did not agree with the decisions of the Egwugwu, they never dared to speak out against them.Achebe tells the reader the origin of the Egwugwu when writing â€Å"†¦the spirits of the ancestors†¦emerged from the earth. The Egwugwu house†¦faced the forest, away from the crowd, who saw only its back with the many-colored patterns and drawings done by specially chosen women† on page 88. This explains the reader the secrecy and importance of the Egwugwu. They were so sacred that the house they came from couldn’t even face the rest of Umuofia.For my project, I created a mask similar to the one Achebe describes on page 90. This spirit is portrayed to â€Å"[have a] springy walk. He looked terrible with the smoked raffia body, a huge wooden face painted white except for the round hollow eyes and the charred teeth that were as big as man’s fingers.† ( Achebe 90).I have added clay shaped as teeth to my mask to represent the â€Å"charred teeth† (Achebe 90). Additionally, I was unable to find horns as Achebe also tells us the spirit has, so I have added feathers instead. This mask would be used anytime the Egwugwu is out in public. The spirits are unable to remove theses masks because doing so would be â€Å"murder† (Achebe 186). Also, I have added scorings to the mask to show the detailed markings carved into actual tribal masks.

Money Can Buy Happiness

Can money buy you happiness? It is a classical debate, sparked by the left-wing communists and religious leaders who suggest that a person can live a full life without the pursuit of money, and instead one must look to a more spiritual existence above the material desires. It is perhaps conceivable in a century gone by where people grew all their food and believed in witches, that a human could forge a fulfilling existence without the need of money to satisfy our desires. However in today’s society money can not only buy happiness, but is a major factor for happiness.Findings by the Institute of Economic Affairs show that happiness levels correlate with the amount of wealth a person accumulates. And, in contrast to popular belief, it does not level off when the assets reach a certain threshold. Money enables us to buy goods and services that we want. When we satisfy these wants we feel fulfilled, happy and pleased because we as humans love getting what we want. Money can give us experiences and opportunities that we would otherwise never be able to have. It can open doors to elite schooling, worldwide trips and making a difference in the world via charity.Money allows us to live a carefree, happy life because we don’t have financial strain. Money makes the world go round because it buys happiness, that’s why we spend hours a day slaving away to earn it. It is the key that unlocks the door to happiness. Humans have material needs and money provides the ability to satisfy these tangible needs and wants. Satisfying the want for a new dress or the need for medicine brings on the psychological state of happiness because we have satisfied those desires.The dress you bought from that exclusive store helps you to be confident and happy and the medicine helps cure a loved one. Have you ever felt left out because you see something you want, but can’t afford it? Perhaps all of your friends have the latest iPhone and you’re stuck with you r parents old embarrassing Nokia brick from 2001 because you can’t afford an iPhone. Money can buy that iPhone and can help you feel included consequently bringing on joy and happiness. Ever gone without the basic necessities, electricity, clothing or water? Money buys them too.It helps improve your standard of living. From luxury items to everyday basics money permits us to experience happiness through consumerism and the act of satisfying our needs and wants. It is the experiences and opportunities that come with money that make you happy. Money pays for the trip that lets you experience a new culture, a new cuisine or helps establish lifelong friendships. It is sometimes the memories in life that you find more happiness in than material goods. The happy memories that money buys. Perhaps you find happiness in charity work.Why devote a few hours of your time when you can enrich someone with the power of money? They then have the opportunity to rebuild their lives from the mo ney you give them and increase their living standards and happiness. Making a donation to charity not only helps others, it can make the giver mentally tougher, physically stronger and more popular, researchers from Harvard University have found out. Elite schooling and university offer endless opportunities for an individual to become an educated, well rounded and valued member of the community.It opens doors to exclusive jobs and bigger bank accounts. Success brings satisfaction and contributes to your overall happiness as life’s doors are always open to you. You are not closed off from potential opportunities that may arise. As we all know elite schooling and university doesn’t come for free, money pays for the education and opportunities that come with it. Without travel, charity and education life would be boring, bland and unfulfilling, money gives us those experiences and prospects that we all look forward to. Money offers a carefree lifestyle.With big banks acc ounts you don’t have to worry about paying rent, mortgages, school fees, health care and life’s other expenses. For someone who does not have a moderate amount of money these are stressful issues they have to deal every time they go to their letterbox. Stress can affect both your body and your mind, people can become exhausted, sick and unable to focus. It is the complete reverse of happiness. For someone who is better off financially bills occupy much less of their time and thus stress is eliminated from their lives.Home life can be miserable and tense when money is scarce. Couples bicker on average 2,455 times a year and of that number issues of money equate to 315 arguments. Money buys security and an un-troubled existence, money relieves financial stress and thus helps increase happiness. If someone was to offer you a million dollars, no strings attached, would you accept it? Chances are you would, and you would be happy about it because money can buy happiness. In life we have the option to live how we want, no one forces us to live a consumerist lifestyle.We choose to. You know there must be a connection to money and happiness. If there weren’t, no one would work for that lucrative promotion, perhaps no one work at all. Why would we spend all our lives pursuing it? For those living in third world countries that may be happy, it is unfortunately because it’s a case of they can’t miss what they’ve never had. Our society has made money a factor of happiness and I don’t hear anyone complaining. If money can’t buy you happiness then you are not spending it right.

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation

There are few things that mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish have in common; sleep is one of them. Sleep is when the body completely relaxes, sensory activities are suspended, and a lack of consciousness takes effect. Humans need to sleep on a daily basis in order for our bodies to function properly. The average adult needs seven to nine hours of sleep each day, and not getting adequate sleep can lead to sleep deprivation. Some symptoms of sleep deprivation include constant yawning, grogginess when waking up in the morning, poor concentration and mood changes. Sleep deprivation can have serious effects on both your mental and physical health. The causes of sleep deprivation can range greatly from person to person, but most often they can be broken down in to three categories which include choosing to sleep too little, lack of time to sleep, and medical conditions that make sleeping difficult. We live in a fast-paced society that places a high value on activity. Some believe that sleep isn’t necessary, and they try to limit the amount of sleep they get. Some people would rather stay up later to read a book, watch television, or socialize with their friends or partners instead of going to sleep at a reasonable time. Other people find that there just isn’t enough time in the day to devote to sleeping. Sometimes people who have jobs that require long hours, or who have tasks that cannot be avoided will find they are sleep deprived due to a lack of time. Medical conditions may also play a large role in sleep deprivation. Sleep apnea is a condition where the person actually wakes themselves multiple times through the night because they stop breathing. Stress and anxiety may also play a role in insomnia, which is being able to fall asleep and stay asleep. Memory is one of the largest areas that can be affected by too little sleep. College students may stay up all night â€Å"cramming† for their exams, just to find that in the morning they really don’t remember anything. That is because your brain consolidates memories at a certain point in your sleep, which causes the memory to become stable. Without sleep it’s very difficult for your brain to retain information. Poor judgment is also a possibility if you are lacking sleep. Have you ever heard anyone use the term â€Å"let me sleep on it†? It’s for good reason seeing as how lack of sleep can actually impair judgment. Poor Judgment also goes hand-in-hand with the lack of focus and attention caused by sleep deprivation. When you go without enough sleep, you become less and less alert to your surroundings, and your ability to think and process information is decreased because of your excessive sleepiness during the day. Not only can too little sleep be harmful for you, it can also be harmful to those around you. If you work in a field that requires you to be on your toes at all times, yet you re significantly sleep deprived, you are more at risk for work-related injuries. Pilots, for example are now required to get a set amount of sleep before flying. People working in the medical field, or emergency services field should also be required to get set amounts of sleep due to the fact that they are protecting the lives of others and need to make sound decisions. Automobile accidents can also be cause by sleep deprivation. Driving drowsy can produce the same hazardous effects as driving drunk, and it causes thousands of automobile accidents and fatalities every year. Sleep deprivation may also lead to risky decision-making. People who have been awake for extended periods of time can’t accurately assess risks that are associated with certain situations. Being awake for 24 hours can produce some of the same effects as a 0. 1% blood alcohol level, which would be the equivalent of having 6 glasses of wine in one hour. No wonder getting too little sleep is so dangerous. Lack of sleep leads to many mental dysfunctions, but it has repercussions on physical appearance as well. Getting too little sleep on a consistent basis will start to alter your body’s ability to metabolize glucose, which can in turn make you look significantly older than you actually are. The amount of time we spend sleeping can drastically change our appetites and the ways we think about food. This may over time lead to sudden weight gains or losses. These changes happen because of the peptides Ghrelin and Leptin sends signals to the brain to tell it that it’s satisfied, and suppresses appetite, while Ghrelin does the opposite and stimulates hunger. Not getting enough sleep often decreases levels of Leptin, and increases levels of Ghrelin which may cause changes in appetite resulting in weight changes. It is apparent that sleep deprivation can have serious effects on both physical and mental health, but how do we break the cycle of too little sleep? I believe more emphasis should be put on how important it is to get your fill of shut eye every night. How many accidents can be avoided, and how many medical conditions averted just by getting adequate sleep at night? Society needs to start putting a higher value on our sleep, and in turn we may see a rise in our productivity. For the people who have medical problems and find sleep nearly impossible I urge you to seek help from a doctor. Do whatever you must do to improve your quality and quantity of sleep each night and in turn be happier, be healthier and live longer.