Essay --

One could debate endlessly over the definition and what exactly Jihad is, I’m certain many have. The very basic definition of the word simply means â€Å"struggle,† not to gain money or power but merely to bring people to Islam. The common western idea - or misconception - is that Jihad is a holy war or justification for terrorism. Very rarely are there any two religious groups that will agree on the exact deeper meanings of Jihad. There are also some groups that may believe the same basic definition of Jihad, but interpret it or apply it drastically differently within their own religion. There are two better known or accepted definitions of which Muslims refer to as the â€Å"greater Jihad,† and the â€Å"lesser Jihad.† â€Å"Greater Jihad† is defined as the internal spiritual struggle of one’s self in submission to Allah, the struggle of moral reformation, and converting others to Islam; while the â€Å"lesser Jihad† is considered the external, physical endeavor of an Islamic obligation to take up arms against the nonbeliever infidels in defense of the faith against tyranny and persecution. In the Sunni’s historical belief of the â€Å"greater Jihad,† Mohammed is thought to have told his followers returning home from war that they had, â€Å"returned from the lesser jihad of struggle against non-Muslims to a greater jihad of struggle against lust,† per Menhab Khans’ article on Modern Gangha. This is believed to be the first time the â€Å"lesser jihad† and the "greater jihad" had been differentiated. According to John Heit, the â€Å"greater jihad† is also then further divided into three types of internal struggle: â€Å"One, Jihad of the Heart (the struggle for moral reformation and faith); two, Jihad of the Tongue (the struggle to proclaim God's word abroad; right ... ...hese young men found solace and inspiration in the works of the Iraqi Muslim Brother Muhammad Ahmad al-Rashid; who demonstrated a sensible mind toward political action, but also stated that jihad with the sword- the way of the true Muslim-was inevitable. Putting things into perspective, I imagined what it would be like if America was invaded by foreign forces, the government demolished, a new leadership established, and none of which agreed with my way of life. I would honestly be able to say that I would follow similar actions as the Sunni insurgents. I recently watched the modern cinematic remake â€Å"Red Dawn† where the (in the new version) North Koreans invade and effectively take over the United States, this assisted in my imagination. I would have taken up arms the same as the characters in the movie. My enemies would hear my hoarse battle cry, â€Å"WOLVERINES!†

Fiber from Water Hyacinth for pulp and handmade paper production

Statement of the Problem: 1. Is it possible to produce paper from extracted fiber of water? 2. What are the physical characteristics of the paper produced from the extracted fiber of water hyacinth? 3. Is there significant differences is the produced paper from the extracted fiber from water hyacinth to that of the commercially available paper as tested to their strengths?Scope and Delimitation The plant on which we will obtain and try to utilize for pulp and paper making as Water Hyacinth. In doing this, the roots, leaves, stalks were separated. Physical test such as tensile strengths was utilized to know the maximum tension to which a material can respond without breaking. The study includes also the determination of the bursting strength of paper, tearing resistance using Elmendorf Tearing Resistance Tester, and Folding endurance test using MIT Folding Tester.Research Method Used: Experimental Research is the method used.Methodology: 1. Sampling 2. Chemical Pulping 3. Washing, Ria sing,Sieving and Handpicking. 4. Disintegration and Beating 5. Bleaching/Dyeing 6. Pressing 7. DryingConclusion: Based on the result obtained on the analysis it shows that there is no significant between the paper produced from fibers of water hyacinth and then of the commercially available paper.The fiber dimensions indicate that the water hyacinth may be good material for pulp and paper making. Water Hyacinth can be utilized for making medium quality paper and paperboards.Recommendations We strongly recommended to enhance the paper used a certain percentage of other fibrous pulps, wasted paper pulps etc., used the blended water hyacinth pulp. These also help to minimize the shrinkage paper during drying. Paper made from Water Hyacinth is durable, flexible, and extremely versatile.Based on the experiment, we highly recommend the use of water hyacinth for paper production. In processed a high versatile and it was durable compared in those of the commercially available paper.

Effects of Video Games on Children Essay

Although video games can increase aggressive behavior, they can improve memory and logistical thinking, as well as teach perseverance. Over the course of the last few decades video games have been integrated into the lives of our children. Video games are very appealing to children of all ages, and even to some adults. There is a variety of video games out there, and they range from educational to very violent. Because of this diverse selection of video games, there is a wide range of positive and negative side effects that these games can have on children. Because a large percentage of our children’s time is spent playing video games, there has been a lot of research in recent years on the positive and negative effects these games have on them. â€Å"Among elementary and middle-school populations, girls play for an average of about 5. 5 hours/week and boys average 13 hours/week,† (Gentile, D. A. 2004). Teenagers also spend a time playing video games. According to Media Analysis Laboratory (1998),†Eighty percent of teens said they played at least occasionally and the average amount of time spent gaming for the sample was 5 hours per week† (para. 19). Video game play has become not only a leisurely pastime for children, but for families also. When parents are not involved in some of their game play the outcome can become a little scary. Children who play video games with their families have a more pro-social attitude compared to their counterparts who play alone. Children who are less social or somewhat anti-social tend to develop aggressive tendancies when spending long hours gaming alone especially when violent video games are involved. Video games have been shown to increase aggressive behavior in some children. Neubert, S. P. (2004) said, â€Å"Individuals high in hostility are more likely to become aggressive when exposed to violent video games. † â€Å"Games in which the only positive outcome is the violent demise of enemies reinforces anti-social behavior. Violent video games desensitize people to aggression,† (Neubert, S. P. , 2004). According to a study done by Douglas A. Gentile. References Media Analysis Laboratory (1998). Video game culture: Leisure and play preferences of B. C. teens. Retrieved from http://www. media-awareness. ca In-Text Citation 1. [Insert the paraphrased material] (Simon Fraser University, Burnaby B. C. , 1998). 2. The Media Analysis Laboratory (1998) website [Insert the paraphrased material]. 3. , â€Å"[Insert the quotation]† (para. 19).

Lucy Darby practice Essays

Lucy Darby practice Essays Lucy Darby practice Essay Lucy Darby practice Essay Willy recalls his sons teenage years as an idyllic past. What evidence is there to show that the past is not as idyllic as Willy imagines it to be? Willy Loman is a confused character who is in denial about his past, present and future. He imagines his past as an idyllic time, spent with his promising teenage sons Biff and Happy. Biff as a young boy was always Willys favourite son, made obvious to everyone around him. Biff is perceived by Willy as the golden boy, great at sport, a promising place at a top university and the ability to make girls fall to their knees with one look. However, Willy can not seem to recognise that Biff is extremely lazy academically and only cares about his own well-being. Willy: Like a young Hercules-something like that Willy is adamant that Biff has a bright future ahead of himself with a secure place at the University of Virginia. Yet once again Willy disregards the fact that Biff is failing math and will not get a place t the University unless he drastically changes his bad habits which is constantly reminded by Bernard who is mocked as a teenager by Biff and Wily but who goes on to be a successful lawyer. Gonna argue a case in front of the Supreme Court Biff is selfish as a teenager; his only focus is on girls, cars and sport even with Willys dream pushing him forward. Willy can not understand as Biff gets older why he has not achieved anything out of life, when as a teenager he had such a prosperous future. Willy can not grasp the fact that it is time to let go of the dream he so desperately clings on to for Biff. Willy: I see great things for you kids, I think your troubles are over. Willys unrealistic expectations also affect Happy as a teenager and in later life. Life has never been idyllic for the Lomans as nothing has ever been good enough and each character is constantly striving fro more in life, whether it is more money or more freedom. Happy feels he cannot live up to his older brother Biff and therefore is constantly trying to impress his father with strings of lies. Willy is incapable of recognising Happys neglect as a teenager and presumes he had a happy childhood. However, Happy makes up for his lack of self confidence by making himself available to everyone and anyone. The more risky and attention seeking, the better. He has no proper job besides an assistant to an assistant buyer although he portrays himself as a man very high up the social ladder. Happy: Why dont you bring her, excuse me, miss, do you mind. I sell champagne Happy will do and say anything to make himself look and feel better whether that mean by making up a high paid job, far better than his own and passing it as his own or sleeping with many women. This constant need for self reassure relates back to his teenage years when he had no attention paid to him at all. Biff however endured the opposite affect, whilst having attention on him constantly as a child; he strives for a life on his own where he can make his own decisions. Willy cant bring himself to blame for Happys relentless sex drive and self indulgence and so once again ignores his actions even in adult life, still fully focusing of Biff and his future. Willys perception of his past and his sons life as young boys is far from the truth as Willy is incapable of seeing anything he does not want to and he in so wrapped up in his own thoughts and dreams. This however only puts more pressure of Biff as he has and always will be in the spot light, constantly being praised or criticized by his father. As a teenager Biff always wanted to please his father. Biff: When I take off my helmet, that touchdown is for you Willy lost this strong relationship with Biff after being caught with the woman. When Biff caught his father with his mistress, Biff lost all the faith and respect he once had for Willy and lost the determination he once possessed to achieve in life and strive for his goals. Biff lost the will to impress his father and blames Willys affair and high expectations for his confusion and lack of direction in adult life. Biff: If I strike oil Ill write you a cheque. Meantime forget Im alive This is the first time Willy is able to see what he and his family have actually become. All Willys life he had clung to his hopes and dreams of Biff and his successful future only to realize that it was all too late and was in fact never going to happen. Linda is throughout the script pushed to the back of Willys mind. However she is the backbone. Without Linda Willy would have lost self-will along time before. Its only when even Linda cannot cope anymore with Willy slow mental breakdown that Willy finally realizes he has been wrong, this is when he makes his final decision of committing suicide. This is when Willy finally realises that even his past was not even as he had imagined his whole life which was the only thing that gave him the determination to keep striving for his impossible dream.

Miranda essays

Miranda essays In Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966), the defendant was arrested at his home for rape and taken to a police station, where he was identified by the complaining witness. The defendant was then interrogated and within two hours signed a written confession. At no time was the defendant informed of his right to consult with an attorney, his right to have an attorney present during the interrogation, or his right not to be compelled to incriminate himself. The defendant was questioned in unfamiliar surroundings, cut off from the outside world. The questions elicited oral statements and written statements that were used as evidence at trial. This case shared the features of incommunicado interrogation of a person in a police dominated atmosphere and resulted in self-incrimination statements without full warning of constitutional rights. The case of Miranda v. Arizona raises questions which go to the roots of our concepts of American criminal jurisprudence: the restraints society must observe consistent with the federal Constitution in prosecuting individuals for crime. We deal with the admissibility of statements obtained from an individual who is subjected to custodial police interrogation and the necessity for procedures which assure that the individual is accorded his privilege under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution not to be compelled to incriminate himself. (Miranda v. Arizona) Certain phases of this problem were already dealt with in Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 and Escobedo v. Illinois in 196i4. In Escobedo v. Illinois, law enforcement officials took the defendant into custody and interrogated him in a police station for the purpose of obtaining a confession. The police did not effectively advise him of his right to remain silent or of his right to consult with his attorney. Rather, they confronted him with an alleged accomplice who accused him of having perpetrated a murder. When the defendant denied the a...

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544)

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544) Manco Inca’s Rebellion (1535-1544): Manco Inca (1516-1544) was one of the last native lords of the Inca Empire. Installed by the Spanish as a puppet leader, Manco grew increasingly angry at his masters, who treated him with disrespect and who were plundering his empire and enslaving his people. In 1536 he escaped from the Spanish and spent the next nine years on the run, organizing a guerrilla resistance against the hated Spanish until his assassination in 1544. Ascent of Manco Inca: In 1532, the Inca Empire was picking up the pieces after a long civil war between brothers Atahualpa and Huscar. Just as Atahualpa had defeated Huscar, a far greater threat approached: 160 Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro and his men captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca and held him for ransom. Atahualpa paid, but the Spanish killed him anyway in 1533. The Spaniards installed a puppet Emperor, Tupac Huallpa, upon Atahualpas death, but he died shortly thereafter of smallpox. The Spanish selected Manco, a brother of Atahualpa and Huscar, to be the next Inca: he was only about 19 years old. A supporter of the defeated Huscar, Manco was lucky to have survived the civil war and was thrilled to be offered the position of Emperor. Abuses of Manco: Manco soon found that serving as puppet emperor did not suit him. The Spaniards who controlled him were coarse, greedy men who did not respect Manco or any other native. Although nominally in charge of his people, he had little real power and mostly performed traditional ceremonial and religious duties. In private, the Spanish tortured him to make him reveal the location of more gold and silver (the invaders had already carted off a fortune in precious metals but wanted more). His worst tormentors were Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro: Gonzalo even forcibly stole Mancos noble Inca wife. Manco tried to escape in October of 1535, but was recaptured and jailed. Escape and Rebellion: In April of 1836 Manco tried to escape again. This time he had a clever plan: he told the Spanish that he had to go officiate at a religious ceremony in the Yucay Valley and that he would bring back a golden statue he knew of: the promise of gold worked like a charm, as he had known it would. Manco escaped and summoned his generals and called for his people to take up arms. In May, Manco led a massive army of 100,000 native warriors in a siege of Cuzco. The Spanish there only survived by capturing and occupying the nearby fortress of Sachsaywaman. The situation turned into a stalemate until a force of Spanish conquistadors under Diego de Almagro returned from an expedition to Chile and dispersed Mancos forces. Biding His Time: Manco and his officers retreated to the town of Vitcos in the remote Vilcabamba Valley. There, they fought off en expedition led by Rodrigo Orgoà ±ez. Meanwhile, a civil war had broken out in Peru between the supporters of Francisco Pizarro and those of Diego de Almagro. Manco waited patiently in Vitcos while his enemies made war on one another. The civil wars would eventually claim the lives of both Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro; Manco must have been pleased to see his old foes brought down. Manco’s Second Rebellion: In 1537, Manco decided it was time to strike again. Last time, he had led a massive army in the field and had been defeated: he decided to try new tactics this time. He sent out word to local chieftains to attack and wipe out any isolated Spanish garrisons or expeditions. The strategy worked, to an extent: some Spanish individuals and small groups were killed and travel through Peru became very unsafe. The Spanish responded by sending another expedition after Manco and traveling in larger groups. The natives did not succeed, however, in securing an important military victory or driving the hated Spanish out. The Spanish were furious with Manco: Francisco Pizarro even ordered the execution of Cura Ocllo, Manco’s wife and a captive of the Spanish, in 1539. By 1541 Manco was once again in hiding in the Vilcabamba Valley. Death of Manco Inca: In 1541 the civil wars broke out again as supporters of Diego de Almagros son assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. For a few months, Almagro the Younger ruled in Peru, but he was defeated and executed. Seven of Almagros Spanish supporters, knowing they would be executed for treason if captured, showed up in Vilcabamba asking for sanctuary. Manco granted them entrance: he put them to work training his soldiers in horsemanship and the use of Spanish armor and weapons. These treacherous men murdered Manco sometime in mid-1544. They were hoping to gain a pardon for their support of Almagro, but instead they were quickly tracked down and killed by some of Mancos soldiers. Legacy of Manco’s Rebellions: Mancos first rebellion of 1536 represented the last, best chance the native Andeans had of kicking out the hated Spanish. When Manco failed to capture Cuzco and annihilate the Spanish presence in the highlands, any hope of ever returning to native Inca rule collapsed. Had he captured Cuzco, he could have tried to keep the Spanish to the coastal regions and maybe force them to negotiate. His second rebellion was well thought-out and did enjoy some success, but the guerrilla campaign did not last long enough to do any lasting damage. When he was treacherously murdered, Manco was training his troops and officers in Spanish methods of warfare: this suggests the intriguing possibility that had he survived he many have eventually used the Spanish weapons against them. With his death, however, this training was abandoned and future rogue Inca leaders such as Tà ºpac Amaru did not have Mancos vision. Manco was a good leader of his people. He initially sold out to become ruler, but swiftly saw that he had made a grave mistake. Once he escaped and rebelled, he did not look back and dedicated himself to removing the hated Spanish from his homeland. Source: Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).

Introduction to Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to Nokia - Essay Example â€Å"How an organization uses its collective ability to make sense of and respond to its surroundings. It includes individual learning as employees interact with the external environment or experiment to create new information or knowledge, the integration of new information or knowledge, the relation and collective interpretation of all available information, and action based on the interpretation. Organizational learning is more than the sum of the learning of all employees.† (Nancy Dixon, 1995) Nowadays organizations are in process of rapid changes due to drastic changes in technology. Managers are now more focusing on innovation and creativity of their products and services. For this they also need help of their employees (Metcalfe, 1995). Nokia is the world leader in mobile communications. Nokia has a strong backing of its unmatched experience, innovative ideas, solution that are more secure than others, user friendly systems. It is right now the leading mobile supplier in the world with the overall market share of 33%. It also holds the award of leading supplier of IP and mobile networks. Nokia is a broadly held company with listings on six major exchanges.